home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- This file is copyright of Jens Schriver (c)
- It originates from the Evil House of Cheat
- More essays can always be found at:
- --- http://www.CheatHouse.com ---
- ... and contact can always be made to:
- Webmaster@cheathouse.com
- --------------------------------------------------------------
- Essay Name : 1065.txt
- Uploader : Jim Lacy
- Email Address :
- Language : The Code of Hammurabi-History
- Subject : Education
- Title : The Code of Hammurabi
- Grade : 94%
- School System : college
- Country : usa
- Author Comments :
- Teacher Comments :
- Date : November 4, 1996
- Site found at : net search
- --------------------------------------------------------------
-
- In this paper I will focus on, The Code of Hummurabi and how the people of
-
- Mesopotamia lived their lives according to the code.
-
- The Code of Hummurabi contributed to the value of cultural progress in the Near Eastern
-
- countries, during the historic age, which has influenced future generations. Such a legal structure
-
- based on older collections of Sumerian and Akkadian laws was revised, adjusted, and expanded
-
- by Hummurabi himself.1
-
- The code backed the authority of Babylonian gods as well as the state. To
-
- Mesopotamians, life was restless and uncertain due to the belief that natural catastrophes were
-
- the work of the gods. The people of Mesopotamia believed the gods used nature to punish them.
-
- For example, a flood, which would therefore, ruin crops and homes, was cast upon them because
-
- of something bad they had done. People believed in order to insure a better life for themselves and
-
- their families a man must please and appease the gods. Hummurabi took this into strong
-
- consideration.2
-
-
- The Code of Hammurabi was implements with a legal procedure. Individuals brought their
-
- complaints before a court. Written documents or witnesses were needed to support a case. The
-
- accuser had to prove the defendant guilty. If he failed to do so he was put to death. This was to
-
- prevent people from falsely accusing others. The code tried to guarantee a fair trial and a just
-
- verdict. For example, a judge could not change his mind or he was fined heavily.3
-
-
-
- After a long prologue describing the religious deeds of the king, at least 282 laws dealing
-
- with prices and tariffs, family affairs, marriage and divorce sales, deposits, slavery and theft
-
- are detailed. For example, punishments against whoever would deface the monuments or altar of
-
- Marduk or ôthe just laws which Hammurabi, the efficient king, set upö, were sentenced to death,
-
- or faced with corporal punishment.4
-
- In addition, the code set up a social order based upon the principle; ôThe strong shall not
-
- injure the weak.ö Babylonian society was therefore divided into three classes: aristocrats,
-
- commoners (free men), or slaves.5
-
- Fees and punishments varied according to the social condition. For example, the cost of a
-
- lifesaving operation was fixed at 10 shekels of silver for an aristocrat, five shekels for a free man,
-
- and two shekels for a slave. Similarly, if a man has pierced the eye of an aristocrat, they would
-
- pierce his eye, but if he had pierced the eye or broken the bone of a free man, he would pay one
-
- mina of silver, and in the case of a slave, one-half of his value.6
-
- Hammurabi gave careful attention to marriage and family. The prospective groom and the
-
- father of the future bride arranged everything. Fathers often contracted marriages while their
-
- children were still young. The husband had virtually absolute power over the household. He could
-
- even sell his wife and children to pay for debts. It may seem cruel to modern minds, but the code
-
- of Hammurabi is, in many of its laws, close to todayÆs ideas of justice. The laws concerned with
-
- family and property represent an effort to protect women and children form arbitrary treatment,
-
- poverty, and neglect. For example, women had certain rights within the marriage. Suppose you
-
- were a married woman living in Mesopotamia during the reign of Hammurabi and your husband
-
- mysteriously disappeared. The code instructed that you could remarry after a few years. However,
-
- if you had children with your first husband, and he returned after you had remarried, he might
-
- reclaim his children, but you, the wife, could not. Second, if the wife becomes ill, cannot have
-
- children, or is an unsuitable housekeeper, the husband may divorce, but must return the dowry to
-
- his former wife.7
-
-
- The Hammurabic Code also covers many other aspects of life. For instance, a surgeon
-
- performed a major operation using a bronze lancet on a free man or an aristocrat, and failed to
-
- save his life, they would cut off his hand. Also, if you were to purchase a piece of land, but the
-
- soil was so terrible that crops would not grow, the man who sold it to you would be
-
- legally responsible for obtaining food for your family. This provision would even apply if there
-
- were a flood and you failed to prevent flood water from entering your garden.8
-
- As you can see, the Code of Hammurabi conveyed ôan eye for an eye, and tooth for a
-
- tooth,ö at least among equals. If an architect built a house for a free man or an aristocrat and the
-
- home collapsed due to poor construction or a flood, causing death to the son of the home owner,
-
- the architectÆs son would be put to death. Also, according to the code, legal documents were very
-
- important. For a legal transaction you needed a receipt. Upon birth, a birth certificate had to be
-
- issued or you would become a slave. Unless you are born into a family of slaves: you were
-
- already a slave. 9
-
-
- In general, the code portrays a stable and well-organized society in which law and order
-
- played a predominate role and in which even the lowliest individual was not without some legal
-
- protection. The code was effective and influenced the poeple of Mesopotamia ôover time.ö
-
- Mesopotamians enjoyed life and repected the code of government, which made Mesopotamia
-
- society as a whloe.10
-
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------
-